Islamabad-Millions of Shi’a Muslims — from Iran to Afghanistan and Pakistan — were marking the festival of Ashura on Monday, one of the most emotional occasions in their religious calendar, commemorating the 7th century martyrdom of the Prophet Muhammad’s grandson Hussein.

 

Security forces, particularly in Taliban-run Afghanistan, were on high alert for any violence. In the past, bloody attacks have marred the festival across in the Middle East, as Sunni extremists who view the Shias as heretics seize on the holy day to target large gatherings of mourners.

 

Shia Muslims were to mark the holy day on Tuesday in Iraq and also in Lebanon, where a major procession that typically shuts down Beirut’s biggest suburb.

 

With power split in Lebanon among the country’s religious sects, Ashura presents an opportunity for Lebanon’s Shias to show force.

 

Crowds of mourners were thin in Kabul, where the country’s Shias have suffered a wave of brazen attacks by the local Islamic State affiliate, which has tried to undermine the new Taliban government.

 

Repeated bombings have rattled Afghanistan’s ethnic minority Hazara Shias, who previously experienced persecution under the Taliban and fear their new rulers — who seized power a year ago, as US and NATO troops withdrew — will let violence continue against their community.

 

Shias represent over 10% of the world’s 1.8 billion Muslims and view Hussein as the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad.

 

Hussein’s death in battle at the hands of Sunnis at Karbala, south of Baghdad, ingrained a deep rift in Islam and continues to this day to play a key role in shaping Shia identity.

 

Over 1,340 years after Hussein’s martyrdom, Baghdad, Tehran, Islamabad and other major capitals in the Middle East were adorned with symbols of Shia piety and repentance: red flags for Hussein’s blood, symbolic black funeral tents and black dress for mourning, processions of men and boys expressing fervour in the ritual of chest beating and self-flagellation with chains.

 

In Afghanistan and Pakistan, authorities cut mobile phone services in key cities holding commemorations for fear of militant bombings. Pakistani police were out in force along procession routes.

 

The Taliban shut down roads leading to Shia neighbourhoods and mosques in Afghanistan.

 

The Taliban have encouraged Shias to carry out their devotions. However, they did not designate Ashura a national holiday this year, as Afghanistan’s authorities have in the past.

 

They also banned major processions for fear of violence after a string of bombings targeting Shia-dominated areas.

 

Despite the threat of attacks, hundreds of frenzied Shias turned up on the streets of Kabul to beat their heads and chests in unison.

 

They whipped themselves with knife-edged chains to the point of blood splattering onto the streets.

 

The Afghan mourners struck a defiant tone.

 

“Those who want to stop us from commemoration of this day will take their wish to grave with themselves,” said Habibullah Bashardost, adding that the community had braced itself for more violence.

 

“Even if these people who are commemorating today are martyred, we have our coming generation to continue this path,” Bashardost said.

 

Another participant, Ahmadullah Hussaini, said his presence at the bloodletting ritual under the shadow of targeted attacks delivered a succinct message: “We are not scared of anything, not even death.”

 

In Shia powerhouse Iran, thousands of men and women shrouded in black thronged the streets of Tehran.

 

Green plumage, the colour of Islam, fluttered in the air. Camels covered with multicolored cloth paraded through the city, evoking how Hussein set out from Mecca with a small band of companions.

 

Iranians pounded their chests in mourning and chanted in unison, while some mourners clad in black wept.

 

“Somehow, I feel like I must go to mourning, because Imam Hussein was brutally and unfairly treated,” said Nasrin Bahami, a 65-year-old participant in the Tehran procession.

 

“I love his pride, his bravery. He is a symbol, a role model.”

 

The largest Ashura gathering was set to take place Tuesday in the Iraqi city of Karbala, where Hussein is entombed in a gold-domed shrine.

 

Thousands typically rush toward the shrine to symbolise their desire to answer Hussein’s last cries for help in battle.